How To Make a Roguelike: #2 Views, Screens, Inputs

This article is part of a series.

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Having a skeleton project is nice, but we should start doing some actual work on our project. Let’s start by creating the basic user interface elements and handling our player’s interactions.

Zircon basics

It is highly recommended at this point to read the Zircon Overview and the Zircon Crash Course to familiarize yourself with Zircon.

If you open the main.kt file in IDEA you’ll see the following code:

import org.hexworks.zircon.api.ColorThemes
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.Components
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.Screens
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.SwingApplications
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.component.ComponentAlignment

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

    val grid = SwingApplications.startTileGrid() // 1
    val screen = Screens.createScreenFor(grid) // 2

    screen.addComponent(Components.header()
            .withText("Hello, from Caves of Zircon!")
            .withAlignmentWithin(screen, ComponentAlignment.CENTER)) // 3

    screen.applyColorTheme(ColorThemes.arc()) // 4
    screen.display() // 5

}

Note that Zircon uses the Builder Pattern heavily. What you see above with the Components.header() call is the creation of one. With builders it is customary to use Method Chaining where each function call on a builder will return the builder itself so you can call another method on it.

What happens here is we

Create a new Application and start rendering a TileGrid. A TileGrid is just a 2D grid which contains Tiles. In our case we’ll use CP437 Tiles because they are easy to work with.
We create a Screen for our grid. A Screen works like a TileGrid but it also supports adding UI components like buttons, text boxes, and so on. What’s also important to know is that you can attach multiple Screens to a single TileGrid so it is an easy way to navigate between different game screens. Note that only one Screen can be displayed (use the display method to do so).

Read more about Screens here
We add a Component to our Screen which is just a simple Header in our case.
We apply a ColorTheme to the Screen. Zircon comes with numerous color themes which you can choose from. Take a look at the ColorThemes class to see them.
We display the Screen to make it visible.

The above approach works for really simple applications but when you start to write more complex user interfaces you’ll feel the need to start using a more robust approach. Luckily Zircon comes with Views which implement the view part of the Model-View-Controller pattern.

TL;DR: a View is a re-usable class which holds the UI elements of your app’s current screen.

Creating our first View

Let’s start using them by replacing our skeleton code with a StartView:

I suggest putting all our Views in a single package, to keep it organized: view. In Kotlin all classes, interfaces and objects go to their own file just as you would do it with Java. So if you come from the Python world keep this in mind.

import org.hexworks.zircon.api.ColorThemes
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.Components
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.component.ComponentAlignment
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.graphics.BoxType
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.mvc.base.BaseView

class StartView : BaseView() {

    override val theme = ColorThemes.arc()

    override fun onDock() {
        val msg = "Welcome to Caves of Zircon."
        val header = Components.textBox() // a text box can hold headers, paragraphs and list items
                .withContentWidth(msg.length) // the width of the content of this text box
                .addHeader(msg) // we add a header
                .addNewLine() // and a new line
                .withAlignmentWithin(screen, ComponentAlignment.CENTER) // and align it to center
                .build() // finally we build the component
        val startButton = Components.button()
                // we align the button to the bottom center of our header
                .withAlignmentAround(header, ComponentAlignment.BOTTOM_CENTER)
                .withText("Start!") // its text is "Start!"
                .wrapSides(false) // we don't want to wrap this button with [ and ]
                .withBoxType(BoxType.SINGLE) // but we want a box around it
                .wrapWithShadow() // and some shadow
                .wrapWithBox()
                .build()
        screen.addComponent(header)
        screen.addComponent(startButton)
    }
}

To create Views you’ll need to extend the BaseView class. This implementation of Views was inspired by how TornadoFX works.

When using Views we don’t need to bother by setting up Screens, a View contains one to use for displaying our Components. There are two methods which we can override: onDock and onUndock.

A View can be docked to an Application and it can also be replaced with another View. When a View is docked onDock is called so it is the proper place to set up how the UI should look like. Conversely if a View is undocked onUndock is called. In the code above we add a Header and a Button to our View.

“But how do I dock a View then?” you might ask. The answer is simple: the Application (which was created in the skeleton code) supports this. Let’s modify our main.kt to display our StartView:

import org.hexworks.cavesofzircon.view.StartView
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.SwingApplications

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

    val application = SwingApplications.startApplication()

    application.dock(StartView())

}

Let’s see what we created! In IDEA you should see a green triangle on the left side of your editor:

Start button

By clicking it you can start up your game. This is very handy during development when you don’t want to constantly rebuild your project from the command line. You should see something like this:

StartView

Congratulations! You have created your first View!

Handling user input

Zircon supports handling user input in multiple ways. Luckily it adds this support to Components as well so we can easily make the Button we added to our View interactive. Let’s navigate to a new PlayView when the player clicks “Start!”. First we add a new PlayView:

import org.hexworks.zircon.api.ColorThemes
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.Components
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.component.ComponentAlignment
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.graphics.BoxType
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.mvc.base.BaseView

class PlayView : BaseView() {

    override val theme = ColorThemes.arc()

    override fun onDock() {

        val loseButton = Components.button()
                .withAlignmentWithin(screen, ComponentAlignment.LEFT_CENTER)
                .withText("Lose!")
                .wrapSides(false)
                .withBoxType(BoxType.SINGLE)
                .wrapWithShadow()
                .wrapWithBox()
                .build()

        val winButton = Components.button()
                .withAlignmentWithin(screen, ComponentAlignment.RIGHT_CENTER)
                .withText("Win!")
                .wrapSides(false)
                .withBoxType(BoxType.SINGLE)
                .wrapWithShadow()
                .wrapWithBox()
                .build()

        screen.addComponent(loseButton)
        screen.addComponent(winButton)

    }
}

then modify the Button in StartView to navigate to this new View when clicked:

startButton.onMouseReleased {
    replaceWith(PlayView()) // 1
    close()  // 2
}

What you see here is a lambda which might be a familiar concept from both Python and Java. It is the same as if you would have written:

startButton.onMouseReleased ({
    replaceWith(PlayView())
    close()
})

but in Kotlin if the last parameter to a function is a lambda you can skip the parentheses.

What happens here is we

replace StartView with PlayView and
close our StartView since it is no longer used

It is important that you always close the resources which you are not gonna use again to prevent memory leaks.

You can use the mouse to click these Buttons or you can also use the Tab key to focus the next component and Shift+Tab to focus the previous one. You can activate a focused Component by pressing Spacebar.

Let’s start our app and see what it does:

View navigation

Nice! Let’s add a WinView:

import org.hexworks.zircon.api.ColorThemes
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.Components
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.component.ComponentAlignment
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.graphics.BoxType
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.kotlin.onMouseReleased
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.mvc.base.BaseView

class WinView : BaseView() {

    override val theme = ColorThemes.arc()

    override fun onDock() {
        val msg = "You won!"
        val header = Components.textBox()
                .withContentWidth(30)
                .addHeader(msg)
                .withAlignmentWithin(screen, ComponentAlignment.CENTER)
                .build()
        val restartButton = Components.button()
                .withAlignmentAround(header, ComponentAlignment.BOTTOM_LEFT)
                .withText("Restart")
                .wrapSides(false)
                .wrapWithBox()
                .withBoxType(BoxType.SINGLE)
                .build()
        val exitButton = Components.button()
                .withAlignmentAround(header, ComponentAlignment.BOTTOM_RIGHT)
                .withText("Quit")
                .wrapSides(false)
                .wrapWithBox()
                .withBoxType(BoxType.SINGLE)
                .build()

        restartButton.onMouseReleased {
            replaceWith(PlayView())
            close()
        }

        exitButton.onMouseReleased {
            System.exit(0)
        }

        screen.addComponent(header)
        screen.addComponent(restartButton)
        screen.addComponent(exitButton)
    }
}

and a LoseView:

import org.hexworks.zircon.api.ColorThemes
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.Components
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.component.ComponentAlignment
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.graphics.BoxType
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.kotlin.onMouseReleased
import org.hexworks.zircon.api.mvc.base.BaseView

class LoseView : BaseView() {

    override val theme = ColorThemes.arc()

    override fun onDock() {
        val msg = "Game Over"
        val header = Components.textBox()
                .withContentWidth(30)
                .addHeader(msg)
                .withAlignmentWithin(screen, ComponentAlignment.CENTER)
                .build()
        val restartButton = Components.button()
                .withAlignmentAround(header, ComponentAlignment.BOTTOM_LEFT)
                .withText("Restart")
                .wrapSides(false)
                .wrapWithBox()
                .withBoxType(BoxType.SINGLE)
                .build()
        val exitButton = Components.button()
                .withAlignmentAround(header, ComponentAlignment.BOTTOM_RIGHT)
                .withText("Quit")
                .wrapSides(false)
                .wrapWithBox()
                .withBoxType(BoxType.SINGLE)
                .build()

        restartButton.onMouseReleased {
            replaceWith(PlayView())
            close()
        }

        exitButton.onMouseReleased {
            System.exit(0)
        }

        screen.addComponent(header)
        screen.addComponent(restartButton)
        screen.addComponent(exitButton)
    }
}

and wire them together with PlayView:

loseButton.onMouseReleased { 
    replaceWith(LoseView())
    close()
}

winButton.onMouseReleased {
    replaceWith(WinView())
    close()
}

Now you have a working game which you can both win and lose!

Conclusion

What we achieved is rather simplistic sure, but every project has to start with setting up the basic building blocks. We’ve also learned a lot about Views, Components and how the work together to form a UI.

In the next article we’ll start to get our hands real dirty: we’ll add the GameComponent with our own World implementation which will be able to display the caves which we’ll generate by our own hands!

Until then go forth and kode on!

The code of this article can be found under the 2_VIEWS_SCREENS_INPUTS tag.

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